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Nome
SINDROME DELL'INTESTINO CORTO
Codice esenzione
Classe
MALATTIE DELL'APPARATO DIGERENTE
Definizione
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is an intestinal failure due to either a congenital defect, intestinal infarction or extensive surgical resection of the intestinal tract that results in a functional small intestine of less than 40cm in length or less than 70% of the expected intestinal length per age. This condition is characterized by nutrient malabsorption, diarrhoea, bowel dilation and dysmotility.
Orphaned quotes SBS with the ICD-10 codes such as Q43.8, Q41.0 and K91.2.
Struttura di coordinamento
AOU PISA-GASTROENTEROLOGIA
Presidio Ospedaliero Cisanello Via Paradisa, 2 - 56124 Pisa
Giorni di apertura: lunedi'-venerdì 9.00-12.00
Telefono per appuntamento: 050 997435
Coordinatore
Prof. SANTINO MARCHI
Seconda struttura di coordinamento
AOU MEYER FIRENZE-CENTRO MALATTIE RARE PEDIATRICHE
Sito web: http://www.meyer.it/lay_not.php?IDNotizia=4843&IDCategoria=406
Viale Pieraccini, 24 - 50139 Firenze
Giorni di apertura: su prenotazione
Telefono per appuntamento: CUP (Centro Unico Prenotazione Meyer) Tel 055-5662900 (dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 8.00 alle ore 16.00
Centro Malattie Rare Pediatriche tel 055 5662925 (Coordinatore Prof. Augusto Vaglio, referente Dr. Vieri Lastrucci)
Secondo Coordinatore
Prof. AUGUSTO VAGLIO
Appendix I - Percorso del paziente:
http://malattierare.toscana.it/static/media/uploads/sindromeintestinocorto_appendix_i.pdf
Appendix II - Libretto informativo creato dalla Chirurgia Pediatrica AOU Meyer per i genitori di pazienti affetti da SBS:
http://malattierare.toscana.it/static/media/uploads/sindromeintestinocorto_appendix_ii.pdf
Per ottenere maggiori informazioni, o per assistenza telefonare al numero verde regionale gratuito 800 880101, attivo dal lunedì al venerdì dalle 9.00 alle 18.00. Chiuso il sabato e la domenica.
Short bowel syndrome is a multisystemic disorder that results from the loss of a significant amount of small bowel. Massive intestinal resection in neonates and infant are due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, and extensive aganglionosis in Hirschsprung.
The goal of treatment in these patients is to achieve complete enteral autonomy while minimizing complications.
Data from a large tertiary centre in Canada shown that the overall incidence of SBS was 22.1 per 1000 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions and 24.5per 100,000 live births. According to Orphanet the prevalence of SBS is Prevalence: 1-9 / 100 000 live births.
Chances of successful achievement of enteral autonomy (EA) are enhanced by the early (at diagnosis) institution of specialized unit which briefly consists of hepato-sparing parenteral nutrition (PN), careful central venous access management, reconstructive intestinal surgery where indicated, and addressing social and developmental needs.
Hepato sparing TPN involves initially a low-fat regime (maximum of 1.5 g/kg/day of intralipid or 2 g/kg/day of SMOF). During the second 6 months of life, a maximum of 2.5 g/kg/day can be used provided that the liver function tests are normal. This is in addition to aggressive enteral feeding. The services of dieticians in this aspect are extremely important.
Several blood tests to check electrolytes, vitamin B12, ferritin, cupper, magnesium, lactates, bone densitometry are needed to tailor TPN requirement and vitamin supplementation. Furthermore, SBS patients will request though their life several radiological to check liver, bowel and vascular access such as chest x-ray, abdominal x-ray, liver ultrasound, neck ultrasound.
Reconstructive surgery to length and tailor the remnant bowel can involve one or more procedures.
This high specialized surgery is usually preceded by a period of 20–24 weeks of bowel expansion in cases of un-dilated bowel. This is accomplished using a tube stoma on the proximal bowel end. This tube is clamped intermittently (immediately before feeds) to produce gradual proximal bowel distension. This intermittent obstruction of bowel helps to achieve expansion while avoiding mucosal damage and bacterial overgrowth. The effluent of the proximal tube stoma is then recycled into a similar tube stoma in the distal bowel. This is done slowly, and we have found that it helps with absorption of fluids and electrolytes.
Longitudinal Intestinal Lengthening (LILT), serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) and spiral intestinal lengthening (SILT) are the most common reconstructive surgical approach to improve bowel length. The most important factor in deciding the type of surgery is the remaining bowel length, the quality of the mesentery and the degree of bowel distension present.
It is good practice to monitor the patient time in intensive care during the post-operative time, checking bloods every 24-48hrs, monitoring output and maintaining intake with 24 hours of TPN. After canalization of intestinal content, the patient can re-start the feeding and the reduction of TPN hours will be progressive depending on the improve of enteral feeding quote.
SBS patients will benefit from outpatient check every sixth month in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic where the family can be assessed by intestinal surgeon, gastroenterologist, dietitian, play therapist and if needed psychologist to meet the patient and family needs.
The common pharmacological therapies to avoid the SBS consequences include antimotility agents, anti-secretory agents, and parenteral infusion therapy. Antimotility medications are used to slow peristalsis and improve absorption of fluid, electrolytes, and nutrients. Loperamide and diphenoxylate-atropine are typically the first-line choices for antimotility agents.
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth can occur in conjunction with SBS and is related to alterations of intestinal anatomy, motility, and gastric acid suppression. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth is treated with antibiotic therapy. However, when treating symptomatic intestinal bacterial overgrowth with antibiotics, drug rotation and inclusion of antibiotic-free intervals may decrease the potential for the development of resistant strains. If symptoms persist despite antibiotic and probiotic therapy, reducing dosages of motility and acid-suppressing drugs or switching to antidiarrheal agents may be helpful.
Transplant should only be used if the patient fails to achieve enteral adaptation after reconstructive surgery has been exhausted, develops irreversible liver failure, or is about to lose all central venous access.
A sample of our pathway for SBS patients is showed in Appendix 1.
Autore della scheda
Prof. Antonino Morabito direttore ADO Chirurgia Pediatrica Meyer - Specialista in Riabilitazione e Ricostruzione Intestinale; Dr. Riccardo Coletta Chirurgo Pediatrico Meyer – Specialista in Riabilitazione e Ricostruzione Intestinale.
Ultimo aggiornamento scheda
Tuesday 18 September 2018